Saturday, December 28, 2019

Cosmos A Spacetime Odyssey Episode 1 Recap

In the first episode of the reboot/sequel to Carl Sagans classic science series Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, which aired in 2014,  astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson takes viewers on a journey through the history of our scientific understanding of the universe. The series received mixed reviews, with some critics saying that the graphics were overly cartoonish and the concepts that it covered were extremely rudimentary. However, the main point of the show was to reach viewers who did not normally go out of their way to watch scientific programming, so you have to start with the basics.   The Solar System Explained After going through the rundown of the planets in the solar system, Tyson then discusses the outer limits of our solar system: the Oort Cloud, representing all of the comets that are gravitationally bound to the sun. He points out an astounding fact, which is part of the reason why we dont see this Oort Cloud easily: Each comet is as far away from the next comet as the Earth is from Saturn. After covering the planets and the solar system, Tyson moves on to discussing the ​Milky Way and other galaxies, and then the greater groupings of these galaxies into groups and superclusters. He uses the analogy of lines in a cosmic address, with the lines as follows: EarthSolar SystemMilky Way galaxyLocal GroupVirgo SuperclusterObservable universe This is the cosmos on the grandest scale we know, a network of a hundred billion galaxies, Tyson says at one point during the episode. Begin at the Beginning   From there, the episode moves back into history, discussing how Nicholas Copernicus presented the idea of the  heliocentric model  of the solar system. Copernicus gets kind of short shrift, largely because he didnt publish his heliocentric model until after his death, so theres not much drama in that tale. The narrative then goes on to relate the story and fate of another well-known historical figure:  Giordano Bruno. The story then moves along a decade to  Galileo Galilei and his revolution of pointing the telescope toward the heavens. Though Galileos story is dramatic enough in its own right, after the detailed rendition of Brunos clash with religious orthodoxy, going into much about Galileo would seem anticlimactic. With the earthly-historical segment of the episode seemingly over, Tyson moves on to discussing time on a grander scale, by compressing the entire history of the universe into a single calendar year, to provide some perspective on the time scale that cosmology presents over the 13.8 billion years since the Big Bang. He discusses the evidence in support of this theory, including the cosmic microwave background radiation and evidence of nucleosynthesis. History of the Universe in One Year Using his history of the universe compressed into a year model, Tyson does a great job of making it clear how much of cosmic history took place before humans ever came on the scene: Big Bang: Jan. 1First stars formed: Jan. 10First galaxies formed: Jan. 13Milky Way formed: March 15The sun forms: Aug. 31Life forms on Earth: Sept.21First land-based animals on Earth: Dec. 17First flower blooms: Dec. 28Dinosaurs go extinct: Dec. 30Humans evolved: 11 p.m., Dec. 31First cave paintings: 11:59 p.m., Dec. 31Invented writing (recorded history begins): 11:59 p.m. and 46 seconds, Dec. 31Today: Midnight, Dec. 31/Jan. 1 With this perspective in place, Tyson spends the last few minutes of the episode discussing Sagan. He even pulls out a copy of Sagans 1975 calendar, where there is a note indicating he had an appointment with a 17-year-old student named Neil Tyson. As Tyson recounts the event, he makes it clear that he was influenced by Sagan not merely as a scientist but as the sort of person he wanted to become. While the  first episode is solid, its also a little underwhelming at times. However, once it touches on the historical stuff about Bruno, the remainder of the episode has much better pacing. Overall, theres plenty to learn even for space history buffs, and its an enjoyable watch no matter your level of understanding.

Friday, December 20, 2019

Pathophysiology Of The Following Signs And Symptoms

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Severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance can occur. Diabetes may cause blood glucose levels to rise which can lead to increased glucose levels that cause one’s body to pull fluid from cells into the bloodstream and deliver the increased load to the kidneys. This can cause one’s kidneys to over work and produce more urine than normal. c. Polyphagia: increased food intake is due to loss or excess glucose in urine that leads the body to crave for more glucose. As calories are lost in urine, increasedShow MoreRelatedPathophysiology Of Chronic Asthma And Acute Asthma918 Words   |  4 Pagesand tuberculosis, affected disease location determines the signs and symptoms. Hereditary and environmental factors such as allergens and other irritants can be a contributory factor, especially in children. However, respiratory compromise occur as a result of incomplete airway development among this vulnerable population predisposing them to chronic asthma (Huether McCance, 2012). 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Thursday, December 12, 2019

Effectiveness of Leadership Skills on Organisational Welfare

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness of Leadership Skills on Organisational Welfare. Answer: Introduction Organisational welfare is apparently connected to the effective value and beliefs. These values have the long term existence within the internal scenario of an organisation. The effective leadership attributes is the integral part of an organisation. The decision based on the business expansion may sometimes create the insecurities and fear among the employees. Due to such fear, the employees fail to achieve the expected performance parameters. Hence, it is required to understand the proper procedure to manage these employees and ensure the betterment of the performance outcomes. Hence, the managers shape their leadership skills to improvise the corporate attitude of the employees who have been working in a diversified cultural environment (Schoemaker, Krupp Howland, 2013). Managing the employees in a better way is essential for accomplishing the business motto. Therefore, it is required to improvise the leadership skills and maintain the organisational welfare. The study will be id entifying the effective leadership skills, which can improve the organisational value. Project Description Leadership efficiency is essential to facilitate the entire organisational functionalities. The effective leadership capabilities help in motivating the associates within an organisation. When the employees have been receiving the proper motivation, they bring out the skilled performance outcome to achieve the pre-determined objectives. Moreover, during business expansion, the employees face several job insecurities due to change management (Piccolo Buengeler 2013). The leaders are the most responsible people to motivate them and assure about their job security. It is even required to undertake the proper leadership style to manage the entire functionalities. The study is focusing on the case scenario of Levis, which is going to expand the business in a high profitable market. The major objective of the study is to recognise the effectiveness of leadership skills in improving the performance of the employees (Levistrauss.com, 2016). In addition to this, it is also needed to be determined whether the leadership skills are fruitful enough in achieving the pre-determined goals. Hence, the study will be focusing on the leadership role of the manager for accomplishing such objectives. Research Significance The research is shedding light on the business expansion process of Levis in an area where the profitability will be as per the business expectations. The managers are, therefore, trying to structure the business process in a way that can be fruitful for generating more profits from this store. It is noted that the leadership skill is the integral part of improvising the overall performance of an organisation (Herman Chiu, 2014). The leaders have to perform their duty to motivate the employees and improvise their performance efficiency. The initial responsibility of a leader is to make the employees aware of the project related to the business expansion. The research study will be providing the theoretical implementation of the leadership attributes, which are necessarily needed to be maintained. Moreover, the collection of the authentic data will also ensure the importance of maintaining the proper leadership styles to motivate the employees. The evaluation of the sequential proces s of conducting the research will be identifying the internal business scenario. The research study will discuss the theoretical implementation of the efficient leadership skills to analyse the behavioural approaches of a leader. The theory discussion will be based on two major aspects, which are described further: Concept: The conceptual analysis of a project provides the brief idea about the procedures, which are needed to be undertaken to complete the tasks. In fact, it can be considered as the symbolic expression that draws an outline of the project. It is important to make the existing employees aware of the business procedures that are needed to be undertaken during the expansion period. Hence, the conceptualised ideas are needed to be clarified. Principle: The theory development is establishing the connection between conceptualised ideas and the project specifications. The functional principles are needed to be considered to predict the future consequences (Watson, 2013). The theory development is necessary to explore the idea about the present condition. Hence, following the basic principles of developing theories is essential. Obtaining ideas from the above discussion, it can be predicted that this particular research has the recognisable significance. The identification of the social, potential, and general facts is possible by conducting the research study. The social or the local environment will be signifying whether the place is feasible enough for the business expansion process. On the other hand, it is required to follow the international market, as Levis is a global brand. Research Questions How the leaders are influenced to reshape their leadership qualities? What theory would be justified for this particular project? What are the preferable strategies for undertaking an efficient recruitment process? What are the suitable strategies for the business expansions in a new country? How much time the fresher employees would receive from the management to implement such strategies? Actions for Assessment 2 The study is based on the leadership skills of the managers of Levis. The company is trying to expand the business in a profitable area. Therefore, it is necessary for the manager to undertake the preferable leadership skills that can create the positive impact on the performance of the existing employees. This assessment part consists three major sections. The first section is the literature review part where the theoretical analysis of the leadership attributes will be discussed. The next section includes the suitable methodology for conducting this particular research on Levis. In this section, the methods of collecting the secondary researches will also be described. The final section is considering the ethical responsibilities that are needed to be maintained while conducting the research related to the business expansion. Literature Review Organisational change management is associated with the efficient managerial skills. Johansen (2012) commented that the leadership skills and the organisational culture are interlinked to each other. The efficient leadership skill can promote the changes by establishing a particular vision. The leaders need to make the employees understand about the requirement of changes. Especially, in case of business expansion, it is important to manage the employees and making them aware of the requirements. Piccolo Buengeler (2013) implied that a good leader can improve the organisational productivity. While expanding the business, the supports from the existing employees are necessary. Therefore, it is essential to motivate these employees and bring out the efficient performance skills to accomplish the organisational goals. A good leader has to take the responsibilities of managing these employees and facilitating the organisational functionalities while expanding the business in a new locat ion (Men Stacks, 2013). The literature review section focuses on the theoretical analysis of the leadership skills. The literature will also identify the impact of leadership skills on organisational welfare. Conceptual Framework Figure 1: Conceptual Framework (Source: Created by Author) Concept of Leadership The practices of the management and leadership are necessary for the organisational success. The skilful leaders can lead the employees in a proper way and improve the overall performance of the organisation. According to Northouse (2015), an efficient leader can motivate the employees and improve their skills in an efficient way. During the change management process, it is necessary for the managers to make the employees aware of the organisational objectives. In fact, the managers need to decide the sequential functionalities that are needed to be undertaken for meeting these pre-determined objectives. Hence, acquiring a significant leadership style and skill is essential. On the contrary, in some of the cases, it has been seen that the employees are not willing to accept the changed management scenario. Due to the job insecurity and cultural differentiations, the employee turnover rate becomes higher (Metcalf Benn, 2013). In such times, the leaders need to motivate the employees in a significant way in order to avoid the turnover. Concentrating on such efficient leadership requirements, the leadership attributes have been classified into different styles. These are as follows: Leadership Style The theoretical analysis of leadership specifies the different types of leadership styles, which are needed to be undertaken by the managers. The leadership attributes can be classified in different styles, such as Autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire, transformational, and transactional. These types of leadership traits are discussed further: Autocratic: In the autocratic leadership style, the leaders do not consult with the other employees. The upper management has the authority to undertake the organisational decisions. Bhatti et al. (2012) implied that autocratic leaders sometimes need to take a quick decision and it does not require any team input. Hence, in such cases, the autocratic leadership styles can be followed. On the contrary, team members may not agree with the decisions undertaken by the higher management. However, there is no scope for the team members to suggest any ideas. The employees might think that their contribution is not necessary. In such times, the conflicting situation may also arise accordingly. During the expansion, the management needs to concentrate on the location of establishing the business (Chaudhry Javed, 2012). For example, in a country like China, the employees are much dependent on the decisions made by the upper authority. They value the procedures that are instructed by the manag ement. On the contrary, in Singapore, the employees are much fond of team work and the managers consult with the employees before undertaking any organisational decision. Hence, the focus on the location is necessary while undertaking a skilled leadership style during business expansion. Democratic: Democratic leadership style is also considered as the participative style. In such leadership style, the employees take parts during the organisational decision making process. The consultation with the employees brings the innovative approaches for conducting the business (Shahhosseini, Silong Ismaill, 2013). In fact, the contribution of the employees is considered as fruitful for the business. The skilful leaders usually follow this type of the leadership styles to motivate the employees (Moors, 2012). In fact, this particular attribute is effective enough during the business expansion. The leaders can consult with the employees and make them aware about the future changes. The consultation process thus becomes fruitful for structuring the business entity in a new place. The democratic leadership trait determines the transparency in communicational process, which reduces the probability of situational conflicts. Laissez-Faire: The laissez-faire leadership style lacks the direct supervision of the higher authority. The management does not involve directly in such cases. The managers have the faith on the existing employees. They do not require the regular feedback about the progress of the work. The most prominent short coming of undertaking this type of leadership trait is that the employees cannot even establish the communicational transparency. The employees are not aware of their progress report and improvement. Therefore, Moors (2012) mentioned that laissez-faire leadership trait lacks the controlling power over the employees. Transformational: Transformational leadership style promotes the high level of communication of the managers with the existing employees (Avolio Yammarino, 2013). The leaders inform the employees about the goals that have been determined. Accordingly, the leaders motivate the employees to perform in a skilful way in order to achieve such goals. The direct supervision of the leaders increases the overall productivity. Moreover, the employees receive the chance to make progress in enhancing their personal and professional skills. Transactional: The transactional leadership style determines the distribution of the rewards or punishment as per the performance measurement. The employees receive the punishment or rewards as per their performance judgment (Garca-Morales et al. 2012). For example, if the efforts of the employees are fruitful for achieving the organisational goals, the employees will be rewarded with appreciations and prizes. Similarly, if any discrepancies take place, the managers can punish the employees accordingly. Effects of Leadership Skills on Organisational Welfare During the business expansion, it is required to keep the focus on the proper leadership style. It is seen that most of the employees feel insecure about the job retention during such times. Hence, the employee turnover becomes much prominent (Braun et al. 2013). The managers have to take the responsibilities to manage the employees and motivate them to accept the change. However, the employees are needed to be informed about the importance of change management. While structuring the business entity in a new location, the effective management procedure is required in order to ensure the productivity (Carter et al. 2013). The efficient performance skills of the employees are preferably required. Hence, the managers can use the participative leadership style to consult with the employees and make them aware of the business expansion process. On the other hand, the organisational welfare considers the skilful performance attributes of the associated employees. The close and frequent mon itoring process can be helpful enough in enhancing the professional and personal skills of the existing employees. With the help of the training and development process, the managers can improve the performance level. In fact, this performance effectiveness is required to structure the management functionalities in order to accomplish the pre-determined goals. Methodology The study is mainly based on the information collected from the different types of secondary sources. For example, the literature review section is informing about theoretical perspectives related to the leadership styles and traits. Apart from such literature sources, the data has been gathered from the journal articles, informative websites, and other publically available data. However, the data is needed to be updated since the current business scenario is drastically changed. The rapid changes in this current business scenario have been influencing changes in the organisational functionalities. Therefore, it is necessary to use the updated journal and websites to incorporate data on the study. The use of the secondary sources is needed to be ethically approved. Hence, the application of the proper methodology is the most fruitful way of analysing the case scenario. Ethical Responsibility While conducting the research, it is important to focus on several ethical responsibilities. It is required to keep the focus on the authentic sources of referred journals articles. The information collected from the verified sources is providing the necessary information by ensuring the proper authenticity. Another most important ethical responsibility is to maintain the updated journals and website information. The current business world is signifying the drastic changes. Therefore, the business functionalities have also changed accordingly. The updated journals or information from other sources help in finding the current trends that the leaders usually follow during the business expansion. It is even necessary to maintain the confidentiality. The collected information should not be revealed to other analysts. Moreover, the falsified data should also be eliminated. The application of the proper literature and methodologies is thus necessary. Maintenance of such ethical responsibil ities will be helpful for conducting any particular research study. Conclusion The study has been considering the effectiveness of the leadership skills on the organisational welfare. It is noted that Levis has decided to expand the business in a new location to ensure more profitability. Therefore, the employees need to face several changes in the management functionalities. The management leaders have to take the responsibilities to motivate these employees and make them aware of the changing scenario. The literature study has been reflecting the different leadership attributes that the managers need to undertake in order to keep the employees motivated. On the other hand, the maintenance of the ethical responsibilities while conducting the secondary data is also necessary. However, it has been found that if the managers of Levis can undertake the participative or transformational leadership style, it would be preferable for the future business expansion. References Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (2013).Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Bhatti, N., Maitlo, G. M., Shaikh, N., Hashmi, M. A., Shaikh, F. M. (2012). The impact of autocratic and democratic leadership style on job satisfaction.International Business Research,5(2), 192. Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S., Frey, D. (2013). Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and team performance: A multilevel mediation model of trust.The Leadership Quarterly,24(1), 270-283. Carter, M. Z., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., Mossholder, K. W. (2013). Transformational leadership, relationship quality, and employee performance during continuous incremental organizational change.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(7), 942-958. Chaudhry, A. Q., Javed, H. (2012). Impact of transactional and laissez faire leadership style on motivation.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(7). Garca-Morales, V. J., Jimnez-Barrionuevo, M. M., Gutirrez-Gutirrez, L. (2012). Transformational leadership influence on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation.Journal of Business Research,65(7), 1040-1050. Herman, H. M., Chiu, W. C. (2014). Transformational leadership and job performance: A social identity perspective.Journal of Business Research,67(1), 2827-2835. Johansen, R. (2012).Leaders make the future: Ten new leadership skills for an uncertain world. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Levistrauss.com, 2016. Global Workplaces - Levi Strauss. [online] Levi Strauss. Available at: https://www.levistrauss.com/careers/global-workplaces/ [Accessed 16 Aug. 2016]. Men, L. R., Stacks, D. W. (2013). The impact of leadership style and employee empowerment on perceived organizational reputation.Journal of Communication Management,17(2), 171-192. Metcalf, L., Benn, S. (2013). Leadership for sustainability: An evolution of leadership ability.Journal of Business Ethics,112(3), 369-384. Moors, G. (2012). The effect of response style bias on the measurement of transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,21(2), 271-298. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Piccolo, R. F., Buengeler, C. (2013).Behavioral approach to leadership. Oxford University Press. Schoemaker, P. J., Krupp, S., Howland, S. (2013). Strategic leadership: The essential skills.Harvard business review,91(1), 131-134. Shahhosseini, M., Silong, A. D., Ismaill, I. A. (2013). Relationship between transactional, transformational leadership styles, emotional intelligence and job performance.Researchers World,4(1), 15. Watson, T. (2013).Management, organisation and employment strategy: New directions in theory and practice. Routledge.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Practical Treatise on Law of Partnership †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Practical Treatise on Law of Partnership. Answer: Introduction: The partnership is built on the basic understanding of sharing responsibility and sticking to the general agreement that was created upon establishment of the association (Graw, 2011). Lance can be sued for breach of the partnership agreement. When lance buys the motor vehicle, he has a cap on the amount that he can be able to spend (Cracknell, 2004). There are three rules for liability in a partnership business. Every partner is liable for his or her own action undertaken separately ( Individual responsibility) Every partner is liable for the action taken by all other partners jointly( collective duty of care) Every partner is liable for the action of the business employees Lance will take individual responsibility for his action. In the partnership agreement, a partner can only spend a given amount of money that is authorized. Lance spent more which is contrary to the agreement. Although, Lynton does not know the terms and conditions of the partnership, so he goes ahead and sells the car. He is not guilty of these actions. This is a business where more than two people jointly own a property or a business as well as have a shared responsibility of managing the company. They share the income and the losses generated by the business according to the agreements on the partnership shares. Most partnerships between two people are shared on an equal basis. Incomes from the business are paid to partners who then have to claim it for the tax refunds. Partnership business does not have taxes on the profits and losses unlike in corporations (Underhill, 2013). Applying the law to the case study In the general partnership, the partners share the same managerial responsibility and workload equally. The profits and losses generated by the business are shared by the partners who are all actively involved in the business operations. The limited partnership is a completely different set up and structure. It allows outside investors to buy into the business but have a limited scope in terms of participation that is largely based on their contribution. It is complex and turns out to be a little bit hard in terms of decision making of the company (GOW, 2016). Thirdly, the joint partnership project is only focused on joint project undertaking that attract alliances and associations by multiple partners. If the joint project is successfully tabled and implemented, it will evolve to a general partnership or association. If the project is cancelled, it will lead to cancellation of the intended partnership. In this business Lance buys a new motor vehicle for the herbal products business. There are three partners in this business and Lynton, the car salesperson is not aware that Lance has a cap on the money that he can spend (Blackett-Ord Haren, n.d.). in a general partnership, partners are required to act in a prudent manner with regard to carrying out activities and business of the partnership. This is known as duty of care. The primary purpose of this is to make partners act reasonably, without any conflict of interest and in good faith when making business decisions for the partnership. Lance is therefore expected to make decisions that wont affect the business when transacting on behalf of other partners. Unlike corporations, which helps partners to join through responsibility, associations have shared and individual responsibilities (Goode, 2009). This means that all partners are responsible for their actions and are supported by the company, as are the actions of the other partners. In an partnership agreement, the terms and conditions of establishment of the herbal business product were set. It is in this partnership agreement that the remaining two partners will use to sue Lance. He is liable his individual actions. Losses arising from the transaction will be affected to Lances account. It is arguably correct to say that lance should have consulted the other partners on the best possible way of dealing with the issues. Although, the car will be used for business purposes, the partners may agree that he contravened the rules and regulations that guide the establishment of the partnership (Graw, 2011). Since a partnership involves people undertaking a common business for profit. In a general partnership, partners are fiduciaries to each other. This means that partners owe each other certain basic duties and also to the business. A partnership is one relationship that requires the partners to exercise honesty, fairness, good faith, loyalty and fairness. Therefor e, partners like Lance are expected to act for the benefit of all partners when transacting on behalf of the business. The highest standards of care are expected from a partner. Fiduciary duties, imposes on a partner that they should not take advantage of one another by concealment, misrepresentation, adverse pressure and threat relating to the partnership and its business. Lance has misrepresented as well as concealed information from Lynton about the limit placed on the amount that he can spend to purchase the car (Bradgate, White Llewelyn, 2012). Another of the fiduciary duties is the duty of full disclosure. A partner in a general partnership is expected to disclose fully to fellow partners any information relating to the business that could affect the partners interest in the business (Bradgate, White Llewelyn, 2012). This duty of disclosure is not owed only to partners but also to anyone who is in one way or another transacting with the partner on behalf of the business. For example, Lance would have disclosed to Lynton about the limit placed on the amount that he was to spend. The three rules of liability in a partnership are, That every partner is liable for their actions, a partner is liable for the actions of the other partner and every partner is liable for the action of employees (Boros Duns, 2013). Therefore, in general partnership each partner can incur liability for his own acts and omissions or acts of the other partners. A partner can sue another partner for settlement of the partnership general account and for dissolution of the partnership (Roth Kindler, 2013). Under the partnership Act, one of the partners can sue for dissolution of the firm if a partner consistently and deliberately commits breach of agreement relating to the firms management. Other grounds for dissolution are when a partner becomes insane and / or is incapable of performing his partnership duties. A court can only pass a decree if the conduct of the partner is deemed to be a calculated prejudice of the business. Lance has the duty of good faith and fair dealing, which begins when a partnership is being formed. This duty continues throughout the life of the business and extends to the point of complete settlement and dissolution of the partnership(Roth Kindler, 2013).. Even when there is a strain in relations between partners, all partners are expected to act in good faith and fair dealing. However, lance did not act in good faith when he ignored to disclose the limit that the partners had placed when buying the vehicle. This could eventually harm the business and relations between partners. Other partners should take action against Lance for going against what they had agreed in regards to how much should be spent for the vehicle. In this case The partners may not take the legal route, because lance has not consistently breached the agreement in other occasions. However, partners can draft a way of ensuring that there are consequences when one of the partners breaches an agreement in the partnership agreement. The partnership however can not be bound by this contract, because dissolution can only occur if the other partners establish that Lance has been consistently breaching the agreements made by the partners (Reddy Canavan, n.d.). He however, should pay back the money exceeded during the purchase of the car. One of the legal issues that arises from the above case is that there is misrepresentation. Misrepresentation is the process of giving consumers false information about the use of a product during adverting. The moisturizing product does not actually slow the effects of ageing and this is misrepresentation of a product. This is known as product liability. On the other hand the legal issue is whether Saqlaim the refugee has been taken advantage of by the partners when they sell to him the car(Goode, 2009). The principle in use here is known as uberrimae fidae. This is a minimum standard that requires the seller and the buyer in a transaction to act honestly towards each other and not withhold or mislead critical information about the product from each other. This principle is also known as Utmost good faith. Xiaojing should notify the consumers on the actual uses of the moisturizer, and also on the other hand the partners should not take advantage of Saqlaim(the refugee) little knowledge of English to sell to him a car. This is unethical. In the case of Xiaojing, false information is telling the consumers that the moisturizer will slow the effect of ageing. Since a false statement must be one of fact, consumers who are aware of the fact that the moisturizer has been misrepresented and has got no effect on ageing can sue Xiaojing for the loss incurred when they purchased the product. According to the law, sellers are not supposed to misrepresent their products in order to make people buy the product(Graw, 2011).. On the other hand, Saqlaim cannot sue the partners who sold for him the car. If the car was not defective and all the partners had agreed on selling it, then there is no liability on part of partners. The fact that Saqlaim has little knowledge of English cannot be used in a court of law to make a case that Lance took advantage of him when selling the car. The principle of willing buyer willing seller applies here(Goode, 2009).. Xiaojing can be sued by the consumers and any contract that he has with other companies can be rescinded as a result of misrepresentation of a product. On the other hand, Saqlaim is bound by the contract because he entered into the contract willingly. He cannot sue for any loss. The legal issue in this case is the non-payment of services provided by Felix to Xiaojing. Although a casual laborer, Felix is entitled to his wages at the end of services rendered. This case also borders on business ethics and laws(Goode, 2009). The concept of ethics in business relates to the goodness and badness or the righteousness or wrongness of an action in relation to identifiable external behavior. The society determines what is wrong and what is right. However, there is a legal problem in this case because there is no contract between Felix and Ms. Xiaojing. It is important that the ethical issues in this case be addressed. There was no contract between the two and it would be hard to sue or seek any legal redress if the work was not signed under a contract. Laws in employment require that everybody upholds common legal ethics in business and in hiring. Non-compliance and non-obedience of the laws will only lead to legal issues as the society has set standards for which the to seek legal redress(Graw, 2011). Conclusion In conclusion, Felix cannot seek legal redress as he cannot authentically produce a contract under which he was legally hired. In this case, ethical issues arise where it is only right ethically for the employer to pay him. References Blackett-Ord, M., Haren, S.Partnership law. Boros, E., Duns, J. (2013).Corporate Law. Melbourne: OUPANZ. Bradgate, R., White, F., Llewelyn, M. (2012).Commercial law. Oxford: University Press. Commercial law. (2006). London. Cracknell, D. (2004).Commercial law. London: Old Bailey. Goode, R. (2009).Commercial law. London: Butterworths. GOW, N. (2016).PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE LAW OF PARTNERSHIP. [S.l.]: FORGOTTEN BOOKS. Graw, S. (2011).An outline of the law of partnership. Rozelle, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited. Reddy, J., Canavan, R.Q A commercial law. Roth, G., Kindler, P. (2013).The spirit of corporate law. Oxford, United Kingdom: Hart. Underhill, A. (2013).Principles of the law of partnership. Miami, FL: Hardpress Pub.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Motivation Essays (1169 words) - Ethology, Evolutionary Biology

Motivation Motivation explains why people behave as they do. Some scientists view motivation as the factor that determines behaviour, as expressed in the phrase All behaviour is motivated.(World Book, 1986, p.721). Other scientists focus on two certain aspects of motivated behaviour, excitement or exhilaration of behaviour, that is motivation arouses an organism and causes it to act, and the direction of behaviour, which is lead by habits, skills, abilities and structural features. (World Book, 1986). This essay aims to describe the four theories of motivation, Instinct theory, Sociobiology, Drive-Reduction theory and Incentive theory. I will be relating each theory to George`s behaviour and whether they do or do not apply to George`s behaviour. Instinct is behaviour that is inherited rather than learned. Instinct is an inborn tendency/biological force that dominates behaviour. (Weiten, 1995). William McDougall (1908) viewed instincts as unlearned, universal in expression and universal in a species. (Weiten, 1995). John Bowlby (1969) views instinct with regards to baby`s attachment to their parents or caregivers, as in-built. His reason for this development is that babies stay close to their parents because they are provided with protection. Human instincts are more flexible and more open to learning experiences than those of other species. Just like the imprinting of baby geese, so too do human babies attach to his/her parents after many hours of interaction. [Wortman, C. , Loftus, E. and Weaver, C. (1999)]. An example of instinctual behaviour is that all ants build anthills in the same way, even when they are not raised together, then the anthill building behaviour is instinctual and not a learned response.(Weiten, 1995). Sex in humans is also instinctual. We are not born with the desire to engage in sexual activities but as we reach puberty, there is a need for sexual stimulation. Even though we might not know what to do, it is instinctual. But, instincts only describe behaviour, they do not explain why a person engages in behaviour. Therefore with regards to the case study, George`s behaviour, (running the marathon), is not instinctual. Not everyone is born to run a marathon, it is a learned response. (Weiten, 1995). Sociobiology is the study of the biological basis for the social behaviour of humans and other animals. (Worldbook, 1986). Sociobiologists try to ascertain the function of various types of behaviour in the life of an animal. Sociobiology is based on the theory that the central process of life is the struggle of genes to reproduce themselves. Theorists believe that natural preference favours behaviour that maximises reproductive attainment - transmitting genes to the next generation. According to this theory, an organism inherits inclinations to develop certain types of behaviour, and these behaviour patterns increase an organism`s chances of transferring its genes to the next generation. It is believed that an organism can transmit its genes on, not only by reproducing but also by helping related organisms survive and reproduce.(Weiten, 1995).An example of this would be a bee stinging an intruder bee, in order to protect the life and genes of the queen bee (an organism sacrificing their life, for others, therefore passing on its genes). A human`s will, for sacrificing their life for a relative or someone they know, is much stronger than that of sacrificing their life for someone they do not know. A lady will not usually sacrifice her life by running across the road to save a child, (that she does not know), in traffic, whereas if it were her own child, she would sacrifice her life in order to save her child`s life and to carry on the genes. (Weiten, 1995). There are ongoing debates about sociobiology and its relevance to human motivation. Some theorists believe that sociobiologists overestimate the influence of biology and underestimate the influence of culture. (Deverell, A., 1999). In the African culture, African men consider African women with large buttocks appealing, but may be viewed as unattractive in other cultures. [Wortman, C. , Loftus, E. and Weaver, C. (1999)]. George is exhibiting perseverance in the face of everything bad. George`s perseverance is a trait that is beneficial to his survival. George did not run to protect his genes, it was his own motivation that made him run the marathon. Most people would not persevere as George did. Drive Theory: Clark Hull (1884-1952) defines a drive as an observation that organism`s seek to maintain homeostasis, a state of physiological equilibrium/stability. (Hull in Weiten, 1995, p.378). A drive assists an organism in alleviating inner tension. For example drinking to alleviate thirst. Drive theory explains why people eat, sleep, seek pleasure, avoid pain and engage in

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Jethro Tull and the Invention of the Seed Drill

Jethro Tull and the Invention of the Seed Drill A farmer, writer, and inventor, Jethro Tull was an instrumental figure in English agriculture, pushing to improve age-old agrarian practices by applying science and technology.   Early Life Born in 1674 to well-to-do parents, Tull grew up on the family’s Oxfordshire estate. After withdrawing from St. John’s College in Oxford, he moved to London, where he studied the pipe organ before becoming a law student. In 1699, Tull qualified as a barrister, toured Europe, and got married.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ Relocating with his bride to the family farm, Tull eschewed law to work the land. Inspired by agrarian practices he saw in Europe - including pulverized soil around evenly spaced plants - Tull was determined to experiment at home.   The Seed Drill Jethro Tull invented the seed drill in 1701 as a way to plant more efficiently. Prior to his invention, sowing seeds was done by hand, by scattering them on the ground or placing them in the ground individually, such as with bean and pea seeds. Tull considered scattering wasteful because many seeds did not take root. His finished seed drill included a hopper to store the seed, a cylinder to move it, and a funnel to direct it. A plow at the front created the row, and a harrow at the back covered the seed with soil. It was the first agricultural machine with moving parts. It started as a one-man, one-row device, but later designs sowed seeds in three uniform rows, had wheels and were drawn by horses. Using wider spacing than previous practices allowed horses to draw the equipment and not step on the plants. Other Inventions Tull went on to make more â€Å"groundbreaking† inventions, literally. His horse-drawn hoe or hoe-plow dug up the soil, loosening it for planting while also pulling up unwanted weed roots. He mistakenly thought that the soil itself was the food for plants and that breaking it up allowed the plants to take it in better. The real reason that you loosen soil for planting is that the act allows more moisture and air to reach plant roots. Coinciding with his theory on the way plants fed, he also believed that you should till the soil while the plant is growing, not just during planting. His idea that plants grow better with tilled soil around them, though, is correct if not his theory on why. Tilling around plants reduces weeds competing with the crops, allowing the desired plants to grow better. Tull also improved designs of the plow.   These inventions were put to the test, and Tull’s farm thrived. Even spacing; less seed waste; better aeration per plant; and less weed growth all increased his yields. In 1731, the inventor and farmer published The New Horse Houghing Husbandry: Or, an Essay on the Principles of Tillage and Vegetation. His book was met with opposition in some quarters - especially his mistaken idea that manure didnt help plants - but eventually, his mechanical ideas and practices couldnt be denied to be useful and work well. Farming, thanks to Tull, had become a bit more rooted in science.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

U.S Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Essay

U.S Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) - Essay Example By the early 1970s, the problems being created by drug use were severe enough to need more attention, time, and labor to try to sort them out. Therefore, President Richard Nixon created the Drug Enforcement Administration in July 1973 by Executive Order so that a solitary united command to fight the drugs war could be established (DEA, 2008). At its origin, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) had in total two thousand, seven hundred and seventy five employees, this includes a support staff of one thousand, three hundred and five, and the budget was a mere sixty five million dollars in 1972. By 1975, there were four thousand and seventy five employees, with two thousand, two hundred and thirty one special agents. They had an annual budget of one hundred and sixteen million dollars. By the turn of the century in 2000, the administration had nine thousand, one hundred and forty one employees, four thousand, five hundred and sixty six were special agents, and they had a budget of 1,586.6 million dollars. However, by 2007, the Drug Enforcement Agency had an amazing ten thousand, seven hundred and fifty nine employees, five thousand, two hundred and thirty five special agents, with an annual budget of 2.3 million dollars, and have eighty-seven offices in sixty-three countries (DEA, 2008). By 2008 the DEA had eleven thousand employees all together (The Associated Press, 2008). In 2002, more that twenty-six thousand United States citizens died from drug related causes. To put this in perspective, that is seven times larger number of people than those who died in the 9/11 attacks. The money spent on direct drug related costs is enormous, and includes costs for health care and drug treatment programs, costs of services and goods lost to drug related crimes, law enforcement, costs for jails and prisons, and the judicial system costs. Additionally, there are the indirect costs of drug related use and crime are loss of productivity due to ill health or